These were located in what is known as Element 21 in Room 1 of Structure 23 at Yaxchilan. The contour and incised lines of the lintels possess a calligraphic quality, as if they were drawn or painted rather than carved. how do we know that they really did worship shield jaguar, and how do we know the picture showed the queen? Before the construction of Structure 23, there was a hiatus in building at Yaxchiln for about 150 years. And so these monuments are, to me anyway, notionally in a kind of slipstream of time. And so Lambs objective was essentially to do Kon-Tiki in the Chiapan Rainforest. Bird Jaguar was Yaxchiln's most prolific builder and at least a dozen major structures were initiated or remodelled during his reign. STEPHEN HOUSTON: Its a great honor and pleasure, Jim. But there wouldve been loggers; there wouldve been people out there tapping whats called the chicozapote or sapodilla tree, in order to extract the sap that would eventually make its way into chewing gum, at that time. It is not very well explored, for the reason that it was very dangerous to work there for quite a long time and remains quite remote. 1 : to expand something in detail would you care to elaborate on that statement. Were they inscribed into the lintels or something? The lintel is done in high relief style with the background deeply recessed. Now, the sculptures from all of these communities, these smaller places like El Tunel or Laxtunich, tend to be fairly emphatic in emphasizing that almost suffocating centralized control that emanates from Yaxchilan. But also, as with the ruler and the magnate above, theyre identifiable in the writing, in the text nearby, as flesh-and-blood real underlings of the time. And then the final thing to remember about all of these carvings is that theyre interacting with changing meteorological circumstances. The ancestors are people literally underfoot, and theyre recorded in sequence up and down the stairway. Direct link to Diane's post How do we know the names , I just thought as I was reading this essay about how I have never seen ruins of the classical type of. Rulers needed to shed blood in order to maintain order in the cosmos. It is probably made of shell or jade plaques, as are her wrist cuffs. She kneels in front of Shield Jaguar who holds a great torch described in the text as a "burning spear illuminating a ritual that was probably held at night or set in the dark recess of a private chamber. Its a heavily folded topography. It is often found . The Maya rain god, known as Chac, also features prominently in later Maya art. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Lamb was notoriously reticent about where he discovered the carvings, turning his find into an archeological mystery at the heart of the new book A Maya Universe in Stone, edited by Stephen Houston and published by the Getty Research Institute. Now the other thing that, to me, is fascinating about even considering the problem of time, the way we might conceptualize it with respect to this carving, is that the carving itself, as we studied it, tends to prefigure later carvings by this very same sculptor, so theres a rich oeuvre, we know, of his work over a ten-year span. It mustve been an exceedingly uncomfortable hike. Examples of the ornamental use of lintels are in the hypostyle halls and slab stelas in ancient Egypt and the Indian rock-cut architecture of Buddhist temples in caves. Yaxchilns ruling dynasty rose in the 4th century C.E., but its heyday followed several hundred years later (during what art historians call the Classic period), with Lord Shield Jaguar II who ruled for 60 years beginning in 681. (P) 2006 Nonesuch Records, Inc., Produced Under License From Nonesuch Records, Inc. ISRC: USNO10600825 & USNO10600824. And then later on, theres an afterlife that would includeand theres the kind of lithic biographyvisits by local later Maya, who would burn incense near or on these monuments. London: Thames & Hudson, 2014. This limestone lintel, considered one of the masterpieces of Maya art, is one of a series of three panels from Structure 23 at Yaxchiln, where it was set above the left (south-east) doorway. The uppermost describes Itzamnaaj Bahlam, where the second raised section describes Lady Xoc. Incense burners depicting the sun and rain gods (1978.412.99) were deployed in intimate rituals in palaces, temples, and caves, to honor the ancestors (1999.484.1a, b; 1982.394a, b) and summon benevolent beings. And then often, these kinds of carvings among the Maya are either ritually deactivated or they might be destroyed by enemies. She has likely burned the paper to allow the blood to ascend to the gods, and to bring about the vision serpent. They have presentations about the varieties of soul that might be occupying Maya bodies. The disembodied head of Chac (1978.412.24) from Chichn Itz has skeletal features that add a sinister dimension to this work from the years just before the abandonment of Maya cities. And it tends to vary enormously in quality. The rock-cut excavated cave temples were more durable, and the non-load-bearing carved stone lintels allowed creative ornamental uses of classical Buddhist elements. Bird Jaguar ascended the throne ten years after his father died, suggesting that there was perhaps a conflict about who was to become Yaxchilns ruler. The lintels are a little bit complicated in another way, in that of course, they are difficult to look at, in that once you get into one of these, or pass through a narrow doorway in a Maya building, you have to arch your back and bend your neck. And this is a courtly society; its focused on ancient kings, their courtiers, their immediate families. So he mustve been very concerned with being out in the forest, with being prepared for every possible contingency. Non-structural Mayan ornamental lintel stone, from the Yaxchilan city site in Chiapas, southern Mexico. Which emperor created a colossal statue of himself to be placed in a basilica in the center of The original interpretation of the studded rope was that there were thorns attached, but this new evidence in context has caused the interpretation to shift. During the Classic Period (ca. Now, I would also say theres a forensic objective here, too, which is sorting out who took these lintels from their homewho orphaned them, so to speak. Why are there 3 doors on most of the temples here? And this mustve been in the air of the time, because of the release, in 1947, of a lot of publicity about the Kon-Tiki expedition by Thor Heyerdahl. But it really is a time with a profoundly different constitution of society, and suddenly things become much more opaque to us. The text comprises three discrete sections. But instead, were getting this strong feeling of what linguists technically would call diglossia, in which there is a profound linguistic, or again, expressive abyss, almost, that exists between what the rulers are saying and what theyre recording in the inscriptions and what people out in farm and field might be speaking, as well. In fact, their canoe for these trips, The Vagabunda, is on display in the lobby of a mens club in Los Angeles called The Adventurers Club. Direct link to Stf Murison's post I cannot remember the sou, Posted 6 years ago. Its very broken landscape. But I think at least, there could be, wherever these monuments areand one is in a very securely known location, in a museum in Texaswe want to know, or at least to recognize, where they came from, so that that can be advertised and specified very precisely, because I do think transparency and honesty about these things are virtues, and that we can employ knowledge in their service. a bloodletting ritual Such Maya rituals as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves. I would learn its present location to be prepared. This is a place and a general area with fierce sunlight at certain times of the year, and at other moments, that is very much muted by cloudy conditions. The beam depicts a female wearing an elaborately woven textile dress, a quetzal-feather headdress, and fine jade regalia. Yeah. The Narmer Palette is the name of an elaborately carved shield-shaped slab of gray schist made during the Old Kingdom of Dynastic Egypt (ca. That is, the reception is, in itself, a fascinating part of the process of their emplacement on this landscape. Piedras Negras, where I excavated quite a bit in the nineties, is a good example of this, in which half the ceramics went to Philadelphia, to the University of Pennsylvania Museum; and the remainder stayed there in Guatemala City. A glyphic inscription (oddly, written backwards) in the upper left corner of Lintel 25 notes the date of Shield Jaguar IIs ascension to the throne in October 681. Scrolls of blood can be seen around her mouth. Ancient Maya limestone carving from Yaxchilan in modern Chiapas, Mexico, The lintel as displayed in the British Museum, Museo Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III, Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa, Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaxchilan_Lintel_24&oldid=1109549671, Ethnographic objects in the British Museum, Artefacts from Africa, Oceania and the Americas in the British Museum, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 September 2022, at 14:44. It is the earliest monumental representation of any pharaoh: the carvings on the palette depict events in the life of King Narmer, also known as Menes, considered the founding ruler of Dynastic Egypt. In the Metropolitans Relief with Enthroned Ruler (1979.206.1047), the patron Shield Jaguar IV is seated on the right of the composition, receiving tribute from Tiloom, one of his subsidiary rulers. Lintel 24 is the designation given by modern archaeologists to an ancient Maya limestone sculpture from Yaxchilan, in modern Chiapas, Mexico.The lintel dates to about 723-726 AD, placing it within the Maya Late Classic period. Explain your answers. And ultimately, should it be feasible, I think theres an interest, potentially, in repatriation by some process, legal or otherwise. Among the finest Mayan carving to be excavated are three temple door lintels that feature narrative scenes of a queen celebrating the king's anointing by a god. HOUSTON: There are many, many different Mayan groups, thirty different languages or more, with varied histories. Some depict individuals in costumes impersonating deities or other characters (1979.206.953), women with rich clothing and jewelry (1979.206.373), or deities themselves (1979.206.728). And down below are two other figures. And this may, in turn, account for the kind of micro kingdoms or the political fragmentation that are illustrated or exemplified by the carving weve been looking at. It is strung from a jade bead necklace that is counterbalanced by a long strand of jade beads and what are probably carved shells going down his back. And so by walking around it, youre, in some ways, participating in whatever kinetic activity that involved. And Ive often wondered, as have others, why didnt he eventually fess up? maby it was to show the detail of the rope. How does that relate, how does that site relate to El Tunel or Bonampak? But now Dana was interested in movie rights as well. He clearly needed local help to get to this place where the lintels were found. The difference between Elaborate and Explain. and a number of its buildings stand to this day. RM G169RT - Post and lintel is a simple construction method using a lintel, header, or architrave as the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns, pillars, or posts. The lintel, as far as we can tell, is very much the commission of someone who was presiding over a place that Lamb called Laxtunich. Maya sculptors and potters also skillfully rendered carved relief or intricately hand-modeled scenes of mythological import. But the final thing I would say about this trajectory, Jim, that I think is worth mentioning, is that a stunning feature, even today, of all of these descendant Mayan peoples, these Mayan speakers, is that they have this kind of sustained cultural or ritual orientation that demonstrates just astonishing continuity over time. Draw two lines under each verb or verb phrase. Shield Jaguar II's commissions at Yaxchiln's central complex of buildings (called the Central Acropolis) include carved lintels (the beam at the top of a doorway), stairs faced with hieroglyphic writing, and stele (upright wood or stone slab monuments). 250900), kings and queens of powerful city-states, such as Tikal, Calakmul, Palenque, and Copn, commissioned artworks to cover their royal court buildings and their regal bodies. Yaxchiln lintel 24 (detail), after 709 C.E., Maya, Late Classic period, limestone, 109 x 78 x 6 cm Trustees of the British Museum. What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and. false The sculpture Chibinda Ilunga, made by the Chokwe people of Central Africa, depicts a king as a powerful hunter true In 1950, the American explorer Dana Lamb happened upon a Maya ruin in the tropical forests of northern Guatemala. The second thing to remember about these, though, is that all of these carvings have a certain physical involvement with the viewer. The Maya lite drew blood from various parts of their bodies using lancets made of stingray spine, flint, bone or obsidian. Non-structural decorative lintel at Buddhist Banteay Srei, in Cambodia, Non-structural lintel in Buddhist cave temple at Ellora Caves, India, Door lintel in Bozen-Bolzano from 1632 with Elias Tagger's coat of arms, South Tyrol, Italy, Non-structural marriage stone lintel at 'The Hill' farm, Dunlop, East Ayrshire, Scotland, One of many 16th century door lintels in Edinburgh's Old Town, Simonsbath House, Simonsbath, Exmoor Parish, Devon. And he eventually produced and helped to release the Kon-Tiki movie itself in the United States. For the ancient Maya, jade objects embodied the color blue-green (the spectrum of blues and green was referred to as one word, yax, in the Classic Mayan language), which symbolized new growth, water, and primordial places and beings. This is referred to as Tomb 2. The language of the inscriptions is not necessarily always reflecting the local speech. The site is host to an impressive number of structures and monumentsover 100and is especially famous for its high-quality relief carvings. True Its a little bit sad, in that Ive actually seen correspondence from Dana and Ginger, and the letterhead has the heading of Dan and Ginger Lamb, Exploration and Motion Pictures. But there would be only one movie called Quest for the Lost City, which was released in the 1950s and went into broad distribution. What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady XOOK? was first hung. The one scholar who heard from him on this subject in the 1950s was the doyenne of my studies, someone named Alfred Tozzer at Harvard. Just a made up name. In Lintel 24, he is depicted holding a torch above his first wife, Lady Xoc. Almost certainly, they were found within a couple of yards of each other. Ian tried hard to get to the bottom of that story, but he was never able to do so. So it is above all, a very acutely hierarchical society, and language became, I think, part of the equipment they employed to accentuate those differences. Three entryways punctuate the exteriorwhich is embellished with stucco ornamentation. An elaborate roof-comb (a masonary wall that rises upwards above a building to give the impression that it is taller than it actually is), arguably the most famous component of the temple, incorporates a decorative frieze, niches, and sculptural elements, including a sculpted human being in the central niche. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Some of the most famous lintels are those on Structure 23a yotoot (palace building . Itzamnaaj Bahlam III was a central figure in directing the course of Yaxchilan. The others are in very, very similar style. Because there really is zero doubt that this carving was taken from Guatemala when local laws prohibited such removal, whatever the international laws and regulations of that time. It is a civilization that really comes together as a literate one, with a copious tradition of carving, probably about 2500 years ago to, more or less, the beginning of the Common Era. A carved bowl (2000.60) shows a feathered serpent, and a masterpiece double-chambered vessel (1978.412.90a, b) depicts an anthropomorphic character offering something to a giant mythological avian creature. So at the moment, I have documented at least about 130 named carvers. CUNO: This episode was produced by Zoe Goldman and Karen Fritsche, with audio production by Gideon Brower and mixing by Myke Dodge Weiskopf. And its almost impressive to me, in that its almost as though they protest too much, because this is within a couple of decades of the collapse of Maya civilization, and it could be this frenetic cultural activity has something to do, in fact, with a kind of Band-Aid or a way of disguising what could have been fracturing tensions within this kingdom. And it would also prove to be important for his eventual producer, who was none other than Sol Lesser, with RKO. How did they know how to translate mayan glyphs? Very different, especially in the case of carvings and painted pots. 9th ed. There they encountered a rich cache of decorated structures made in the first millennium CE, including a particularly elaborate limestone lintel (a horizontal support above a doorway) carved by an artisan named Mayuy. We have the ruler himself, the king of Yaxchilan, who is embodying the sun; the magnate, whos seated by him, is representing the night and a time when maize grows. And so in many ways, the worst looting in Guatemala actually took place also, I would say, prior to that terrible civil war in that country. Or what else would there be? From what materials were the lintels/structures made? We dont really know. And therere also many, many devastations. Bricker, "Advances in Maya epigraphy,", J. Marcus, "The Iconography of Power Among the Classic Maya,", Posted 8 years ago. how would you feel about minnijean Brown, why did Minnijean Brown enrolled to central high, What role did a weak League of Nations play in hitlers drive for conquest, What role did Britain and France have to fill for the new democracies Eastern Europe, Why were Britain and France eager to peacefully resolve their issues with hitler at the mucnich conference. And then eventually, there is the act and process of looting itself, by which these carvings are traveling around the world by boat or jet. There seems to be pretty good evidence that the known carvers at Bonampak came from Yaxchilan. The reason for this is pretty obvious to me. Structure 21, commissioned by Bird Jaguar IV, housed lintels 15, 16 and 17. And we know the exact date. A lintel may support the chimney above a fireplace, or span the distance of a path or road, forming a stone lintel bridge. Hes also quite interesting, in that he comes from that grand tradition of the English gentleman amateur, in that he had no training in archaeology, although he was trained in conservation. We also know something about the work of this artist because we have monuments that span a period of about ten years or so. 1 : to work out in detail : develop elaborate a theory. But even the coloration of the stone lintels that were looking as is similar to what you might see in the paintings, and also the carvings, that help to define the doorways leading into the great murals at Bonampak. HOUSTON: It was a book that was coauthored by Dana with his wife Ginger, but it was partly ghosted by a bookseller named June Cleveland. And you say that it thrives in conditions of relative stability. And I would be also shocked if Mayuy, the carver that weve been examining, didnt know the painters, didnt know the carvers at Bonampak. There are flower tassels on the main part of the head band and a mosaic depiction of Tlaloc sprouting quetzal feathers. And in its eyes, looking down at anybody glimpsing and glancing up at the lintel, are the names and titles of the carver. And Ive sometimes wondered if that had to do with an attempt to heighten their claim to authenticity. Lady Xoc is one of the most prominent and probably politically powerful women in the Maya civilization. Which is the guerillas not only had this commendable ethos of protecting ruins, they were committed to an ideological perspective about patrimony in the country; but really for a practical reason, they did not want looters padding through the forest in ways that might potentially report on the location of guerilla combatants, and then pass on that information to the military. In the bowl are pieces of paper stained with her blood. In the case of windows, the bottom span is instead referred to as a sill, but, unlike a lintel, does not serve to bear a load to ensure the integrity of the wall. But the intent was to have a grand adventure. Or could it be that dissimulation and mendacity had simply become a mode of life for him? And by explore, I meant someone who was not burdened by the need to stay at one site, but he visited hundreds, if not a thousand Maya ruins, doing maps and also recording inscriptions. "Her image at the penance, the cut lady, Ix Kabal Xoc, female autocrat. The first two glyphs in the text at the top of the lintel indicate the event and the date on which it took place, October24, 709 C.E. And I think it was always, Jim, quite remote, even in the times of the Classic period. Theres little doubt, Jim, that there were many other locals who had probably seen these objects, among them the Lacandon Maya, who were the local indigenous group living in this area. it is possible, but considering the size of the monolith it would be quite difficult to print anything. An inscription on the lintel reads October 20, 681, the date of Lord Shield . Some of the most impressive Maya buildings and sculptures were created during this late-Classic period before the city-state collapsed in the 9th century. Standing on your head in public would be considered conspicuous. The glyphs spell out her name. Now, on the carvings that we studied, the blue rims of the glyphs are probably referring to the idea of preciousness. But in Guatemala, in the place particularly where this lintel comes from, looting was actually suppressed by the conflicts between the guerillas and the Guatemalan army from a period of about 1997 and about fifteen years before. And it is opening up all sorts of exciting possibilities of interpretation. Anyone entering Structure 23 would pass. Direct link to Sophia McManus's post In the section Lintels 2, Posted 5 years ago. The sculpture Chibinda Ilunga, made by the Chokwe people of Central Africa, depicts a king as a. CUNO: Now, give us an outline of the history of the ancient Maya. Now, what makes this lintel fascinating for us, at least in political terms, is that this monument and the other carvings that come from buildings nearby are not from the actual dynastic capital, which was called Yaxchilan, but rather they derive from a pretty small site thats on the troubled margins of that kingdom. 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